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Space Exploration Items for Museums

At the Shuttle Landing Facility at Kennedy Space Center, shuttle Endeavour is attached to a diesel-powered tractor to be towed to the Orbiter Processing Facility, or OPF. After landing Nov. 30 in California to end the STS-126 mission, Endeavour returned to Kennedy on a piggyback flight atop a shuttle carrier aircraft. In the OPF, Endeavour will begin preparations for its next mission, STS-127, targeted for May 2009.

Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller.

A museum is a building or institution that houses and cares for a collection of artifacts and other objects of scientific, artistic, or historical importance and makes them available for public viewing through exhibits that may be permanent or temporary.  Most large museums are located in major cities throughout the world and more local ones exist in smaller cities, towns and even the countryside.

Space Shuttle is Retiring

NASA has set the date for the last Space Shuttle launch at February 26, 2011, and as an era comes to a close, museums around the country are fighting to get their hands on one of the retiring vessels.  But why are retiring space shuttles a viable museum exhibit? To answer this let us look closely as to what a space shuttle is.

The Space Shuttle, part of the Space Transportation System (STS), is an American spacecraft operated by NASA for orbital human spaceflight missions. The first of four test flights occurred in 1981, which were followed by operational flights beginning in 1982. The system is scheduled to be retired from service in 2011 after 134 launches. Major missions have included launching numerous satellites and interplanetary probes, conducting space science experiments, and servicing and construction of space stations. The Shuttle has been used for orbital space missions by NASA, the U.S. Department of Defense, the European Space Agency, and Germany. The United States funded STS development and shuttle operations.

History of the Retiring Space Shuttle

The shuttle stack launches vertically like a rocket from a mobile launch platform. It lifts off under the power of its two solid rocket boosters (SRBs) and its three main engines (SSMEs), the latter fuelled by liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen from the external tank. The Space Shuttle has a two stage ascent. The boosters are used only for the first stage, while the main engines burn for both stages. About two minutes after liftoff, staging occurs: the SRBs are released, and shortly begin falling by parachutes into the ocean to be retrieved by ship for reuse. The shuttle orbiter and external tank continue to ascend under power from the three main engines and their inertia. Upon reaching orbit, the main engines are shut down, and the external tank is jettisoned downward and falls to burn up in the atmosphere. However, it is possible for it to be re-used in orbit for various applications.

Exhibit Worthy for Place in a Museum

From this it is clear that the space shuttle is the product of human genius and a testament to the brilliance of mankind. This makes it worth displaying but on the more important note there exists a far deeper implication. The mere effort to get a space shuttle into a museum as part of its exhibit implies that there exists some inherent social value attributed to it.  This inherent social value would be that the space shuttle tells us who we are as a civilization, how far have we advanced and our overall affinity to technology. These are far more potent reasons.

August 28, 2010 Posted by | Science & Technology | , , , , , , , | Leave a Comment

Opinion on Iran Internal Political Radicalization

This is not just legal theory. Iran uses the death penalty to punish men for sodomy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran

In recent news former CIA head gave his opinion on Iran. He recommends a hard-line approach to Iran’s current conduct and policies. Given the complexities of the situation, it is no surprise that there is a range of views about how to best implement that policy. That is entirely appropriate. Indeed, a single, static, one-size-fits-all policy would not be appropriate in the circumstances.

Advancement of The Interests Of All

In order to best protect and advance all interests, policy needs to be flexible, dynamic, and multifaceted. That is why the governments of concerned states are pursuing a policy that weighs the full range of options available, both through bilateral and multilateral means. They seek to counter the government of Iran’s negative and destructive policies and actions, while encouraging constructive policies and actions and engaging in a direct dialogue with the Iranian people about the freedoms they want for their own country.

Inside Iran Politics

The country’s clerical and military leaders supported the Mayor of Tehran, Mahmoud Ahmadi-Nejad, for the presidency. In their four months in office, President Ahmadi-Nejad and his cabinet have pursued a highly ideological and confrontational foreign policy that is isolating Iran from the international community.

First Week In Power and Already Making Enemies

The new president suspended negotiations with the UK, France and Germany on nuclear issues. In September at the UN General Assembly, Ahmadi-Nejad stunned the world with a combative speech in which he insisted Iran would pursue a nuclear future against the wish of nearly all nations. He has turned to the alumni directory of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps to fill many cabinet positions.

Frightening Radical Intergovernmental Changes

In addition, he removed nearly 40 experienced Ambassadors from their posts. Moreover, Ahmadi-Nejad called for Israel “to be wiped from the face of the earth” and then defended this shocking statement when the entire international community repudiated it. For a world leader to call for the destruction of a nation-state and member of the United Nations is outrageous and intolerable. Through his statements and actions, President Ahmadi-Nejad is digging a hole for himself and he appears determined to keep on digging.

Iran’s Young Society Will Be Reckoned With

An important aspect of ongoing U.S. efforts to influence the direction of Iranian policy is encouraging the healthy development of Iran’s civil society. They see many signs that the people of Iran want a different life and a more responsive government, and people believe they can encourage such developments through direct engagement with the Iranian public. An estimated 70 percent of the 68 million people in Iran are under the age of 30, and they are far more concerned about Iran’s chronic unemployment than they are about Iran’s past. Iranian displays of sympathy after the September 11th attacks and polls showing overwhelming desire for improved relations with the U.S. reflect strong popular sentiment, as do demonstrations and elections in support of reform.

Simply put rather than engage Iran with hostility and aggression why not adopt a policy that would entice Iran’s cooperation and build a lasting relationship of trust.

August 28, 2010 Posted by | Opinion | , , , , , | Leave a Comment

Women’s Rights Under Siege in Iran

Mohammad Mostafaie, defense lawyer of many children who are sentenced to death wrote a letter to the head of judiciary Sadegh Larijani in which he asked for a stay of execution. He is defense lawyer for convicted 36 children, of which 8 escaped the death sentence and were returned to society.

source: hra-iran.net

Women’s rights around the world are an important indicator to understand global well-being. A major global women’s rights treaty was ratified by the majority of the world’s nations a few decades ago. Yet, despite many successes in empowering women, numerous issues still exist in all areas of life, ranging from the cultural, political to the economic. This also includes the right to due process.

The Principal of Due Process

Due process is a principle that the government must respect all of the legal rights that are owing to a person according to the law. Simply put no one may be subject of punishment or lose their life, liberty or property without proper processes. These processes include the right to defend one’s self in any proceedings they are involved in.

However in the news the lawyer of the woman who was to be charged and if found guilty would be stoned and be arrested. In fact a warrant has been given for the said lawyer’s arrest. What are the reasons for such? That the said lawyer is a rights activist but more indirectly the regime is clamping down on any who would oppose their stand on their take on Islam which is radical.

Stoning a Way of Punishment if Found Guilty

Islam does not in any way sanction the said stoning as means of punishment. It is impossible for anyone to justify any mistreatment of woman by any decree of rule embodied in the Islamic Law, nor could anyone dare to cancel, reduce, or distort the clear-cut legal rights of women given in Islamic Law.

Moreover punishing with pain is barbaric, a throwback to societies built on military might, slavery and the treatment of criminals as humans without any rights. The mark of civilized society is that it behaves better than its criminals. Prison is necessary as a method of punishment, prevention and rehabilitation, but it does not or at least should not stoop to cruelty. Worse still any who would assist in a person to be punished as such are not allowed to do their work.

Fairness – The Right of Opportunity to Defend Oneself

Fairness is the idea of doing what’s best. It may not be perfect, but it’s the good and decent thing to do. It requires being level-headed, uniform and regular, when all around you is prejudice, corruption, or the desire of an angry mob to see justice done. Fairness requires breadth and depth. Not only does the outcome have to be fair, but so does everything along the line such as evidence gathering and presentation. Fairness is difficult to put in the form of strict legal rules and principles that cover every situation. But simply put before a harsh punishment is to be served assuming is has to be the person to be penalized must at least be given the opportunity to defend his or herself.

The right to due process is for all including women and denying it to women direct or through some scheme is assailing women’s rights twice. This acceptable and never part of what Islam is.

August 28, 2010 Posted by | Society | , , , , | Leave a Comment

Africa and How It Plays Into The War on Terror

At the close of the African Union summit in Kampala, Uganda, UN High Commissioner for Refugees António Guterres (right), meets photograpers with Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni and AU Political Commissioner Julia Dolly Joiner.

UNHCR/J.Akena

In the news African leaders met and discussed the security of the continent with particular emphasis on the issue of the war on terror. At present, the International community has been unable to formulate a universally agreed, legally binding, and criminal law definition of terrorism.  Some definitions also include acts of unlawful violence and war.

The History of Terrorist Organizations

The history of terrorist organizations suggests that they do not select terrorism for its political effectiveness. Individual terrorists tend to be motivated more by a desire for social solidarity with other members of their organization than by political platforms or strategic objectives, which are often murky and undefined.

Tight Knit Local Terrorism A Thing of The Past

Today’s international terrorism retains some characteristics of those of a previous era, but there are also important differences. Gone are the tightly knit groups of professional terrorists, often in the pay of foreign powers—the characteristic that gave birth to the term state-sponsored terror. In their place are larger amorphous groups within which people group at the local level, within a religious motivational context. Since activity is at a small local level, often around a charismatic leader, anticipation and countermeasures are extremely difficult.

Avoiding the “Root Causes” of Terror

Any effort to better understand terrorism leads, inevitably, to an approach that the international community seeks to avoid: a discussion on the ‘root causes’ of terror. In much of Africa rebels and governments alike had been terrifying civilians for years in many civil wars. For decades these had caused much more death and destruction than international terrorism. It is generally recognized that African conflicts are of an increased regional and unregulated character within which business, government, crime and conflict are often difficult to distinguish from one another.

Insecurity and Instability Has Become a Complex Problem

Flowing across borders and involving numerous national and international actors. Insecurity and stability in Africa has become a single complex and interrelated problem that can only be viewed as intrinsic part of the debate about the nature and capability of the African state. While there are only a few collapsed or failed states in Africa, most African states are weak. For a variety of reasons, both domestic and global, African governance has contracted rather than expanded in recent decades in parallel with the acute economic crises experienced by the continent.

State Leaders May Have Incentive To Tolerate Terror

Unlike the Al-Qaeda network, most [Islamic] extremist groups are not transnational, despite links with similar movements in neighboring countries. Virtually all are the products of particular states or internal and/or regional conflicts.  However the reality is at the extreme level, state and sub-state actors may have a vested interest in continued war and disorder since it allows them additional opportunities to extract and conceal rewards and thereby serve the various patrimonial networks that provide their legitimacy. In the other viable means to sustain them, there is inevitably a tendency to link politics to realms of greater disorder, be it war or crime. Violence is necessary to secure or maintain this. Disorder becomes a necessary resource and opportunity for reward. This ensures terrorism’s place in African politics.

August 28, 2010 Posted by | News | , , , , | Leave a Comment

The U. S. Economy Continues to Decline

Nancy Polosi at Health Care Speech Podium

By Speaker Pelosi on Flickr on July 22, 2009

Characterized by a decline in production and employment, the downward trend in America’s economics continues. The U.S. dollar, once as good as gold, has lost more than half its value over the past six years.  Even though not all households and businesses experience actual declines in income, expectations about the future become less certain during a recession and cause them to delay making large purchases or investments, hence the trend continues.

Recession or Depression

Whether or not a recession develops into a severe and prolonged depression depends on a number of circumstances. Among them are the extent and quality of credit extended during the previous period of prosperity, the amount of regulation permitted, the ability of fiscal policy to reverse the downward trend, and the amount of excess production capacity in existence.

Analyzing current economic trends the following conclusion can be drawn; the government is spending and borrowing too much money and the U. S. has too much consumption and too little production.

Current Trends

The 10 trillion-dollar national debt continues to grow as the government supplements failing companies such as General Motors, steadily increases its astronomical military spending and lowers Federal Reserve interest rates; allowing individuals contribute to the deficit by not saving money and buying goods and services on credit cards and loans. As Americans’ increase personal debt consumer spending declines.

Skyrocketing Oil Prices

In addition, oil prices are skyrocketing; the resource upon which America’s economy is based. The health care system is collapsing. Foreclosure rates are high and rapidly increasing. In fact, house values have fallen to levels not seen since the last Great Depression. Big Banks are failing; even many that survived the Great Depression of the 1930s are now collapsing.

Finally, as America is facing an all time high unemployment rate it continues to outsource, which means that millions of high-paying manufacturing jobs are lost because of cheaper production costs in China, India, and Mexico.

August 28, 2010 Posted by | Business | , , , , | Leave a Comment

German parade stampede: Anatomy of Mob Dynamics

At least 19 people have been killed in a stampede at the Love Parade dance music festival in the German city of Duisburg, police have said. Police had been trying to stop people reaching the parade area because of overcrowding. But the revellers panicked at a tunnel entrance. About 100 people were also injured, dozens seriously.
BBC Duisburg, Germany, 25 July 2010

In the news Germany’s Love parade ended into a bloody stampede which left 19 dead and many injured. What made this happen? What factors gave rise to such a phenomenon? Human stampedes occur primarily from compressive asphyxiation, not trampling. This is referred to as crowd crush.  The compressive force occurs from both horizontal pushing and vertical stacking.

An Act of Mass Impulse

A stampede is an act of mass impulse among herd animals or a crowd of people in which the herd (or crowd) collectively begins running with no clear direction or purpose. According to a study by Dr. Tapang, narrow exits, lack of coordination, absence of exit plans, movement in multiple directions combined is a recipe for panic-induced stampede.

One factor is the width and design of the passageway. A narrow exit leads to collective slow-down that emerges among pedestrians crossing in each others path. This slowdown (or jamming) reduces the number of people who can exit. Moreover the biggest factor is the amount of panic or strong desire to reach the exit for safety.

Animal Like Characteristics of Mob Mentality

We have to confess that we are more like our animal counterparts than we want to admit. Though we have common sense when the mob mentality overrides our senses then we end up surrendering to our primal selves.

Convergence theory holds that crowd behavior is not a product of the crowd itself, but is carried into the crowd by particular individuals. Thus, crowds amount to a convergence of like-minded individuals. In other words, while contagion theory states that crowds cause people to act in a certain way, convergence theory says the opposite: that people who wish to act in a certain way come together to form crowds. Convergence theory claims that crowd behavior as such is not irrational; rather, people in crowds express existing beliefs and values so that the mob reaction is the rational product of widespread popular feeling.

A Mob Takes the Identity of Herd Behavior or Crowd Hysteria

Fear feeds fear, anger feeds anger. Mob mentality is just that. When a “mob” forms, feelings take over and people who may not do something on their own, take on the identity of those around them. More particularly this refers to unique behavioral characteristics that emerge when people are in large groups. It is sometimes used disparagingly, as the term “mob” typically conjures up an image of a disorganized, aggressive, panicked group of people.

Social psychologists that study group behaviors tend to prefer terms like “herd behavior” or “crowd hysteria.” The study of mob mentality is quite fascinating, and it is used to analyze situations that range from evacuations gone awry to the moment when demonstrations turn violent.

However Nietzsche contends that men have tried to erase the distinctions, superiority and inferiority among men. Hence there is no crowd only the self. Thus mind-set and state of being is individual not collective. Yet the questions remain what happened during the said stampede and what are the causes of such?

August 28, 2010 Posted by | Travel | , , , , , , , | Leave a Comment

Afghan War Leaks: Breach of Security or Pro Right of Information

Three were killed and seven injured when western troops fired artillery shells at a civilian house in western Afghanistan.

Wednesday September 3 2008 - 07:59 - By : Brian McAfee

Thousands of secret US Government documents being released has caused many to begin participating in an important debate. What the heck is going on in Afghanistan and who is saying what about it?

War is Costly

Its logic is quite compelling. By most accounts, war is costly both in terms of weapons and lives. It uses up resources and is, thus, inefficient. As a consequence, we may think of international disputes as centering on the division of a pie that shrinks in the event of a war. So, at least in principle, there is a peaceful settlement that all states prefer to a war — a settlement in which each state gets at least the share of the pie it would have gotten in war and at least one gets more. If the states knew each others values for war precisely, they would be able to reach such a peaceful settlement. Thus, a hypothetical world in which states possess all relevant information is completely peaceful.

Freedom of Information – Access to Data

In contrast freedom of information guarantees access to data held by the state. They establish a “right-to-know” legal process by which requests may be made for government-held information, to be received freely or at minimal cost, barring standard exceptions. They are also variously referred to as open records, especially in the United States. Governments are also typically bound by a duty to publish and promote openness.

This issue has become popular again due to the fact that in recent news the War in Afghanistan is portrayed as a “war of leaks” since it is said to have many leaks in terms of information especially to the media. It was said that planning for possible military action has been “highly compartmentalized” to ensure the fewest number of people possible have access to classified war plans. Now the reality is different. Newspapers, magazines, television, books. The Internet is not only revealing information about how intelligence works, but they are also divulging on how to defeat it. To prevent “unauthorized disclosure” there must be a frontal assault on many levels including a range of solutions that have not been tried before, some of which are controversial.

Secrecy Essential in War Efforts

Moreover this war of leaks” doesn’t play well on the international stage. This is not a weakness of the Administration per se but more a symptom of the “culture of Washington”. It is a dismal way to make strategy. Another dimension to this is that the intelligence community is the problem, who should know? It lives off secrecy. Secrecy also keeps the mistakes secret.

Secrecy is certainly essential to any war-fighting effort. But too much secrecy can eventually destroy public trust in the government and undermine the war effort. Surprise is the single most powerful tool in warfare. The essence of surprise is secrecy. It would therefore seem to follow that secrecy is the foundation of warfare. But this is nothing to the public’s will that would keep the war going. If the public know less, they quickly lose faith in the war.

August 28, 2010 Posted by | News | , , , , , | Leave a Comment

Escalation of the Mexican Drug War

Archeologists work among remains found in a ruined pyramid in Tlateloco neighborhood in Mexico City, Tuesday, Feb. 10, 2009. Archeologists digging in a ruined pyramid in downtown Mexico City found a mass grave that may hold the skeletal remains of the last holdouts among the Aztecs who fought the Spanish conquerors under Cortes.

Mexico Mass Grave Pictures & Photos (AP Photo/Gregory Bull)

Narcotics like cocaine and heroin have plagued the United States and the rest of the American continent. Countries like Colombia and Mexico battle drug producing and trafficking organizations.

U.S. Joins the Fight in the Drug War

Along with them the U. S. is fighting the so-called Drug War. This war is a campaign of prohibition and foreign military aid being undertaken by the United States government, with the assistance of participating countries, intended to both define and reduce the illegal drug trade. This initiative includes a set of drug policies of the United States that are intended to discourage the production, distribution, and consumption of psychoactive drugs.

In the context of Mexico, there exist the Mérida Initiative which is a security cooperation approved on June 30, 2008 between the United States and the government of Mexico and the countries of Central America, with the aim of combating the threats of drug trafficking and transnational crime. The Mérida Initiative will appropriate $1.4 billion in a three-year commitment to the Mexican government for military and law enforcement training and equipment, as well as technical advice and training to strengthen the national justice systems.

Smuggling a Big Part of the Drug Wars

In recent years, Mexico’s drug cartels have waged increasingly violent battles with one another as well as with the Mexican government. The Mexican cartels originated in response to a demand for smuggling both people and contraband into the United States in the 1920s and 1930s. The cartels began operating as middlemen smugglers for more powerful groups. With smuggling networks in place, the 1970s saw the cartels branch out on their own and begin to smuggle the high demand drug, marijuana, into the United States.

In the 1980s the Colombian drug cartels rose to power, and they needed a way to bring cocaine into the American market. The Caribbean routes were used, but so were routes through Mexico. In the beginning, the Colombians would pay the Mexican groups as much as $1,000/kilo to smuggle cocaine into the United States. The Colombians would then pick up the drugs and resume distribution and sales efforts. This arrangement brought the Mexican cartels wealth, but little power or control of the drug trafficking market.

Mass Grave Found of Victims of the Drug War

Many questions remain unanswered regarding the future of the Mexican cartels, and their role in the Meso-American organized crime scene. What part will they continue to play in the politics of the Americas? Considering that in the news a mass grave of 51 victims of the drug war was recently discovered. Some analysts also stress that the United States should be doing more to curb arms trafficking from the United States into Mexico.

The gun laws in Border States have a loophole allowing individuals to purchase weapons without a background check. As a result, the weapons trade along the border is very lucrative. But to better engage the escalation of the Drug Wars new policies and measures must be employed so that responses to and means used be specifically responsive to the peculiarities of the present.

August 28, 2010 Posted by | Legal | , , , , , , , , | Leave a Comment

Cambodian Cultural Wealth Ripped Away From Thailand By UN

The successful registration of Preah VIhear temple as a world heritage on 7th July 2008 gave Cambodian citizens great joy. They recognized the temple must be preserved and protected for all countries around the world. Unfortunately, this clasification led to Thailand troops surrounding the temple one week after the site had been registered: Fighting broke out between the Thai and Cambodia troops on 30th December 2008, resulting in the deaths of three Cambodian soldiers and more than ten Thai military.

Monday, January 12, 2009 - Editor: Tiep Seiha

Demands for restitution of  ‘cultural property’ have become increasingly common in recent decades. The campaign of the Greek government for the return of the Elgin (or Parthenon) Marbles is well known, but there are many other examples.

Fight For Return of Wealth In Other Lands

The Ethiopians demand the return of the Askum Obelisk, which was taken to Italy by Mussolini’s troops. Turkey fought a court battle with the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art for the return of the Lydian treasures which were pilfered from Turkish territory in the 1960s. Indians complain about religious statues and other things of value taken from temples during the British occupation of their country. Australian Aborigines, Native Americans and Canadians are demanding the return of bones and other cultural relics held by museums in Britain and the United States.

Cultural property is owned by the historic society

In international disputes about cultural property it is almost always states which claim right of possession over artifacts, monuments, and relics. The basis for their claims is that these things are found in, or were taken from, their territory. Cultural property, so conceived, is a resource that states have a right to control.

From a moral point of view this conception of cultural property is unsatisfactory. It gives the claims of states unjustified precedence over the claims of other collectivists. If a state forces an indigenous community to surrender artifacts to a national museum then surely this counts as a case of unjust dispossession. It favors collectivists that are territorial over those that are not. Why shouldn’t a non-territorial organization, like a religious group, be able to claim cultural property? Most important, the idea that that cultural property is a national resource fails to consider how claims to cultural artifacts might differ from claims to things whose value is merely economic.

Cambodia Victorious Over Thailand in UN

Recently in the news Cambodia consider it a victory in a diplomatic standoff with Thailand after the U.N. cultural agency agreed to consider its plan for managing a temple that is on land claimed by both countries. Deputy Prime Minister Sok An said that Cambodia had achieved its goal when UNESCO’s World Heritage Commission agreed on Thursday to consider its plan for the Preah Vihear temple on the border with Thailand.

The Preah Vihear Temple or Prasat Preah Vihear or Temple of Phra Viharn is a Khmer temple situated atop a 525-metre (1,722 ft) cliff in the Dângrêk Mountains, in the Kantharalak district (amphoe) in Sisaket province of eastern Thailand and on the border of Preah Vihear province of northern Cambodia.

Territorial Property or Property of Human Society?

True Cambodia might own the said temple complex and it has ties to their culture but by extension it belongs to the human race. It is part of the heritage of the human civilization. It is a testament to our genius, brilliance and inherent capabilities. It is not important who gets to keep, manage or preserve it so long as such is kept as part of the priceless heritage of the entirety of mankind.

August 28, 2010 Posted by | Travel | , , , , | Leave a Comment

Oakwood Coup D’état Incident Re-Analyzed

On July 27, 300 disgruntled junior army officers and soldiers seized the high-rise Oakwood apartment in Manila to demand the resignations of President Arroyo and Defense Secretary Angelo Reyes. The past several years have seen a surge in allegations of high-level corruption and gross mismanagement in the military, and the mutineers were reportedly seeking to call attention to the need for badly-needed reforms.

Associated Press, July 30

What is coup d’état? It is the sudden unconstitutional deposition of a government, usually by a small group of the existing state establishment—typically the military—to replace the deposed government with another body; either civil or military. Typically much blood shed accompanies such events in history.

A Successful Coup

A coup d’état succeeds when the usurpers establish their legitimacy if the attacked government fails to thwart them, by allowing their (strategic, tactical, political) consolidation and then receiving the deposed government’s surrender; or the acquiescence of the populace and the non-participant military forces. Unlike a revolution, which is usually achieved by large numbers of people working for basic social, economic, and political change, a coup is a change in power from the top that merely results in the abrupt replacement of leading government personnel. A coup rarely alters a nation’s fundamental social and economic policies, nor does it significantly redistribute power.

Operation of a Coup

A coup operates by taking advantage of this machine-like behavior: during the coup because it uses parts of the state apparatus to seize the controlling levers; after-wards because the value of the ‘levers’ depends on the fact that the state is a machine. After all violent methods are generally used when legal methods of securing a governmental change are useless because they are either too rigid – as in the case of ruling monarchies where the ruler actually controls policy formation – or not rigid enough.

Features of the Oakwood Coup

Distinguishing features of a coup is that it does not imply any particular political orientation. A coup consists of the infiltration of a small but critical segment of the state apparatus, which is then used to displace the government from its control of the remainder. A coup d’Etat involves some elements of all these different methods by which power can be seized but, unlike most of them the coup is not necessarily assisted by either the intervention of the masses, or, to any significant degree, by military-type force. The assistance of these forms of direct force would no doubt make it easier to seize power, but it would be unrealistic to think that they would be available to the organizers of a coup. Because we will not be in charge of the armed forces we cannot hope to start the planning of a coup with sizable military units already under our control, nor will the pre-coup  government usually allow us to carry out the propaganda and organization necessary to make effective use of the ‘broad masses of the people’.

What made the  Oakwood Coup React?

In the recent news the new Aquino administration is reviewing the Oakwood coup incident. This is the new administration attempting to bridge the gaps left by the preceding administration. The question is can you look at it from the point of view that the coup participants because of the wrong and injustice committed upon them were in turn forced or pressured them to do what they did? This may be so but the question in doing so do you not legitimize coup d’état as a legitimate tool in a democracy?

August 28, 2010 Posted by | Society | , , , , | Leave a Comment

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