Debra Bowen is California Secretary of State
Governments have Secretaries Of States. The United States of America Federal Government politically appoints its Secretary of State. United States’ Secretary Of State position stems out from its government’s Executive Branch, of which the President is the leader. The United States Department of State or State Department is the first executive department to be established; it was created in 1789 and the Secretary of State leads it. A Secretary Of State advises the President on foreign policy and diplomatic relations; analyzes and decides on treaties and agreements; manages foreign embassies; and directs, coordinates, and supervises the activities of the U.S Government and its linkages overseas. The State Secretary is directly answerable to the U.S. President.
California Secretary Of State
In 2009 California had a population of 36,961,664 from 33,871,648 in 2000. It is the most populous state in America. Its government is Republican, whose governor is Arnold Schwarzenegger. Debra Bowen is its 31st Secretary of State since January 8, 2007. She won the position against then California Secretary of State Bruce McPherson in November 2, 2006, making her the only 6th woman to be elected to a constitutional office that has a statewide range of responsibility and power since California became a state in September 9, 1850. As the incumbent California State Secretary, she leads nearly 500 people under the California State Secretary office, advocating accessibility and transparency in business, elections, legislation, and political campaigning and lobbying.
Legislative Bill AB 1624
Preceding Richard Floyd as a member of the California State Assembly, she helped pass legislative bill AB 1624. Legislative Bill AB 1624 makes available to the public for free, through ‘the largest nonproprietary, nonprofit cooperative public computer network’, information on legislative assembly schedule; pending matters on the floors of both Upper and Lower Chambers or Houses of the Legislature (the legislature passes, changes, and dissolves laws); bill analysis in connection to other bills; bill histories, statuses, and vote information in each legislative session; veto on a statutory law (policy commanding or prohibiting something); the California State’s Constitution, laws, and statutes; and all statutes made on or after the 1st of January 1993.
The information under subdivision (a) of Legislative Bill AB 1624 shall be made available to the public in the shortest possible time once the information is available in the internal information system of the Legislature while those not maintained shall be made available in the shortest possible time once the information is available to the Legislative Counsel, as stated in Subdivision (b) of the bill.
Electronic voting systems
Long before year 2000, when those running for state offices were required to post in the Internet their financial campaign reports, Bowen had been the foremost Californian member of the Legislature to have already done so in 1995. As California’s Chief Elections Officer, she oversees elections in both state and federal levels. To measure the extent of transparency and security in elections, she has been granted authority to review California’s electronic voting systems, approving Diebold Election Systems, Hart InterCivic, and Sequoia Voting Systems and annulling the use of Election Systems and Software, after its machines’ capability in securing votes were found incompetent.
The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum awarded her for commissioning an in-depth review of California’s electronic voting systems a Profile in Courage Award. Through California Business Portal, Bowen provides online variegated information on business entities and networking such as ‘important documents and handbooks; searchable lists of registered businesses; and a step-by-step guide to starting a business and assistance for international businesses looking to operate in California.’ She also manages the Victims of Corporate Fraud Compensation Fund, intended to compensate as much as can be compensated and restored to the victim loss/losses incurred from corporate fraud.
Domestic Partners Registry
She is also responsible for maintaining the Domestic Partners Registry, whereby same-sex couples, independent of either of the partners’ ages, and opposite-sex couples, in which a partner is at least 62 years old, files a Declaration of Domestic Partnership with the Secretary of State, for them to be considered as domestic partners in California; the Advance Health Care Directive Registry, which gives people, who ‘cannot speak or decide for themselves’ the right to decide about his/her choice or preference regarding medical treatment and point his/her decision to loved ones and health-care providers – it follows also that a person may assign a health-care proxy for him/herself; and the Safe at Home program. The Safe at Home program grants respite and protection to victims of domestic violence, sexual assaults, stalking, and people working in clinics for reproductive health care through its confidential address program.
References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States
Chinese Literature and Dissidence
Literature has to serve as both a medium of social schemes and also affects social conditions. It has altered the course of societies as well as bringing about sweeping change. It is both a catalyst and a tool for social transformation. It has helped to preserve culture and ideas. It has enabled ideas to proliferate and be accessible to much of society. It also serves as a vessel for cultural values and socially acceptable notions. It can be a force for good or a means of evil. It is in some cases, bound by the forces of society, or it may dictate on those forces. It is a tool of expression and a mirror of society’s current state. However, in most cases, especially in restricted societies literature is not seen as a positive element but an element of dissidence. In these cases, it is considered a means of deviance and subversion. This is perhaps the scenario in the People’s Republic of China. Literature that does not serve the state and is inconsistent with ideology of the state is prohibited.
Dissent From Society
Individuals whose ideas are transcendent and revolutionary in most cases are treated as radicals and source of dissent in a particular polity or political community. The establishment and the institutions consider it more pervasive if these ideas are proliferated via a popular medium such as through written materials. Even if the work is a genuine representation of creativity and brilliance it is seen as a social evil. This is truer so if the work is a reevaluation and criticism of society’s current state.
To delve into its realities, magnificence and flaws are nothing short of involvement and awareness. Literature produced in this context tends to be a very good source of social assessment. In fact, the highest honor in the realm of literature, the Nobel Prize, is usually given for such works. The recent recipient of it is a Chinese author that took the courage and had the will to write and deconstruct the society of his time. Unfortunately, the state is not yet fully ready for such acts of expression. Thus he is viewed as a dissident and a subversive.
Trend Setting
Change begins with a catalyst, a first and someone who takes the initiative. Change on the social scale cannot take place without a precursor. An ideological revolution cannot sweep across society, unless there are those who are willing to raise the idea of it. Ironic that China, the birth place of the Cultural Revolution is attempting to hold back a revolution of ideas when it could instigate one in the past. It is said that these bold actions of this Chinese Nobel Prize Winner will set the stage for the sweeping change in China, especially about ideas. This is something for it to consider in terms of trends in its social scheme.
References:
Marriage: Falling In Love Again
Marriage is defined in several forms, aspects and belief. In general, Marriage is a legal union between two people who shares common interest, origin and values. It is basically a social and intimate partnership. Marriage is an institution which recognizes and unites cultures and traditions. With this comprehensive meaning of marriage, there are still couples, which forget the real essence of this life-long bond. The recent study of Center for Disease Control (CDC) released a detailed account on the countrywide marriage and divorce rates. Based on National Vital Statistics reports, there are 306.8 million Americans who have undergone divorce in 2009. This survey was higher than the previous year proving the constant rise in couples’ separation.
Securing a married relationship
There are various tips on how to save marriage or rekindle the old flame between partners. This advises are found in different magazines, newspapers, television, talk shows and the internet. Being in a married relationship entails trust, acceptance and fidelity. It is a higher stage of adjustment and knowing one’s partner deeply. There were certain causative factors attributing to nullification of marriage. Some couples are busy with their work and financial obligation in the family neglecting each other. Some broke their promises of loyalty while others were physically abused.
Do’s in marriage
There were considerations to remember in maintaining a married relationship. Sometimes, marriage is accompanied with sadness and difficulties. Our partners are the shock absorber yet never repeatedly nag. Past events are the important features of our lives. It is advisable to reminisce over romantic events instead of the traumatic ones. There would be a certain point in married life that we begin to regret the current situation due to many responsibilities in the household. It is an effective way to communicate these sentiments in a calm and simple manner. Honesty is still the best policy.
Appreciating another woman’s beauty and body, is a normal reaction of guys. Wives should accommodate their husband’s fantasies and allow them to share these urges. Unfortunately, we have our flaws, both parties should accept each other and even our disgusting, humiliating mannerisms or routines. Choice is a basic human right. We choose our partner. It is not purely on fate so, whoever it is, it’s always part of our decision. A famous writer said, true love can only happen after you’ve fallen out of love, when you begin choosing to love, even if you don’t feel like doing it.
Falling in love again
Boredom can bring a lot of difference in married couples. Adventure is one way to rekindle the flame of passion. There is no absolute rule on how to maintain a loving, sweet and cozy environment within marriage. It is still worthwhile to consider the possibilities of falling in love again with our spouse rather than resorting immediately to divorce. Marriage is also a task. Love stays forever if we constantly work on it.
References
http://marriage.about.com/od/marriagetoolbox/a/harmfulbehav.htm
http://post-journal.com/page/content.detail/id/573294/Making-Sense-Of-Marriage.html?nav=5192
Multiculturalism Fails in U.S.
Stepping away from the homogeneity of societies in the past has been a constant change since its ancient inception. People are torn between the rigors of integration and co–existence of those, who are of a different ethno–cultural background, and the preservation of communal culture and ethnicity. This is the difficult status quo of the 21st century. Multiculturalism has exited as a social phenomenon for a while but its strides and advancement became manifest and apparent at the end of the last century and the beginning of the present one. It is a deviation from the notion of nationhood. This idea is said to be the cornerstone of building countries since it forwards the idea that societies are to be of one ethnicity and cultural background.
Merging of two cultures
Now this is being set aside in favor of a community that is more diverse and multi–ethnic. However, the question is what are the consequences and impact on the integrating culture and integrated culture? The merging of the two often result in negative social backlash. True there are successful multi–cultural communities that exist but there are also those that experience radical social problems due to the sudden incorporation of a different culture.
Social Systems
The working and dynamics of society are built on cultural values and ethnic norms. The problem of multiculturalism this system has to deal and cope with are not just those of a certain culture but of perhaps two,three, or even more. This creates a wide array of social problems, chief of which are confusion as to the communal identity, a misconception as to right and wrong, and on the ideals whom the people should uphold.
These societal difficulties, although resolvable in many cases, cause significant conflicts and upheavals. Violence, conflict, and divisions are heightened and aggravated by these. These symptoms are felt more by countries that have a long history of being culturally homogenous. In the case of Germany, it has struggled to attain a level of multiculturalism that is an almost complete abandonment of its cultural roots.
The Divide
The failure to integrate often creates lasting and deep-rooted rifts among people. This kind of social divisions easily escalates to conflicts and ethnic violence. History is riddled with examples of immense cultural divisiveness resulting in discrimination, ethnic wars, cultural atrocities, and the like. It, in turn, has intensified current socio–political disputes, which magnify the precursors for war, genocide, hatred, political dissent, and insurgent actions.
The Social Experiment
In a recent statement, Chancellor Merkel of Germany claimed that Germany has attempted to attain a significant degree of multiculturalism. The social experiment has begun to show signs of failure and decline. It had not forwarded the kind of socio– cultural evolution its proponents hoped for, instead, it sowed conflict and damaged society. Perhaps multiculturalism’s time has not yet arrived.
References:
http://www.rightpundits.com/?p=7476
http://www.utm.edu/staff/aduncan/The%20Challenge%20of%20Multiculturalism.pdf
Expression and Values in Today’s Society
The working of human society is such that it is built with a certain structure and on a system of beliefs that control and limit individuals. Society after all is the response to the human need for an order amidst diversity. For society to continue to exist and be able to contain the self-interest and individual agenda of some, it is a sociologically sound way of means to control people. This is the origin of values, norms and laws. These are objects by which society regulates the multitude in it. A set of values are identified and held as the greatest ideals of the human community. These ideals are then made into policy. They are enforced by laws and the institutions of government. Suffice to say these are the norms and standards of society.
Law And order
In society the idea that the norms and values be protected made deviant activities criminal, even if the acts stem from individual expression. Society is built to service the whole not the individual, thus his or her expressionism is to be set aside. Any act, however creative, are suppressed if it goes against social morals. Nevertheless, this kind of suppression is legitimate, given the values being upheld. This is the case of the editor of playboy who is being hounded by the authorities in Indonesia for his part in what is referred to as pornography. This is the fate of those who go against the system or the established standards of society.
Social Defiance
From the alternative point of view, the lines separating pornography from art and literature is never well-defined. Moreover, it is always a difficult task to create a clear-cut delineation between the two. This makes the realm of expression overlap with the domain of law, norms and values. Furthermore, given the context of Indonesia’s cultural and socio-religious framework this becomes a matter of great controversy. To defy the very core of the community’s belief all for self-expression and creativity is a grievous thing.
Is it worth it? Society is struggling with rapid change and the shifts in behavior in terms of expression of its members, that is to say, expression that adheres or contradicts its values.
Shift Of Paradigm
Defying the established order of things is not essentially viewed as negative. However, only in contesting the standards and values of a certain society are these things re – evaluated. This serves as a catalyst for genuine social transformation. Certain segments of society will likely resist this change. Nevertheless, some will institute these changes and be the basis for changes in trends in the status quo. The start of a revolution as to how society works will begin with radically new ideas adopted by some.
References:
http://www.esextherapy.com/dissertations/islam%20dissertation.pdf
The Impact of Media in Conflicts
Conflicts can be defined as a prolonged armed struggle, a serious disagreement or simply a difference between principles and opinions. Up to this day, it is still present in every facet of society; whether it is between family members, a group of individuals or an entire nation, conflict occurs indiscriminately. Conflict is also known to have a balancing effect and is capable of affecting the status quo of a situation or environment. However, it should be noted that, it does not balance the powers and create equilibrium, but rather it seeks the balance to the powers. Simply put, it is the process of balancing powers with the result of instilling the victor of the conflict as the supreme power. Thus, to be able to understand the current holder of the power, it is crucial to comprehend prior conflict and the reasons behind it.
Media Understands Its Role And Effect
Before covering a particular conflict, it is crucial that media understand its role and effect, be it directly or indirectly, on it. During this process, the media can work something out that can lead to peace while covering the story and events. They could serve as a venue for communication between conflicting parties while remaining fair to the issue, resulting to be a mediator to both parties. The ideal effect of media being a mediator is acquiring a peaceful resolution by allowing both parties in opposition to open a dialogue with each other. This mediator role of the media is critical in the conflicts occurring today, since no other branch of society can perform this important role in a conflict as media.
Effective Agent Of Peace
For media to become an effective agent of peace, several doctrines must be followed, such as responsibility, impartiality and accuracy while covering the events of a conflict. When an absence of objective reporting occurs, media can increase the tension in a particular conflict and, sometimes, escalating the conflict. Today, in the era known as the Information Age, misinformation reported by the media can immediately create a response, be it negative or positive, depending on the structure of the message and how it was reported.
These days, media concentrate on operating in societies where the freedom of information and expression have not been fully institutionalized yet. Their work becomes a challenge during conflicts in these societies, especially if the state itself is involved. Without transparency and an effective information dissemination mechanism, the objectivity of media gets compromised. As bits and pieces of information are being supplied to them by interest groups and the state itself, media can be an unwitting pawn in the conflict.
Analyze A Conflict
To overcome these difficulties, media men should be able to analyze a conflict objectively and the facts being presented by the conflicting parties. Upon understanding the implicit and explicit cause of the conflict and the persons involved, they can present demands that will lead to peace. Conflict analysis is necessary to establish an objective reason in a conflict. This can be a venue for conflicting parties to take steps to negotiate peaceful settlements in on-going disputes and to reduce hostilities that affect the population.
References:
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/22/AR2010092203806.html
http://www.life-peace.org/sajt/filer/pdf/New_Routes/nr200302.pdf
Death Penalty in the U.S. Context
Thirty-eight states have the death penalty in their law books. Illinois have a moratorium regarding the practice of the capital punishment, enacted by former governor George Ryan. Former President George W. Bush, who had been a governor of Texas, presided over a total of 153 executions, making his state the leader in carrying out the death penalty. The Supreme Court, in 1972, declared the death penalty to be unconstitutional and emptied the death rows all over the country, but when each state re-drafted their laws, capital punishment was once again re-instituted in 1976.
Death Penalty of Mentally Retarded and Juvenile
In June 2002, the court declared that sentencing of mentally retarded persons to death as unconstitutional. In the summer of 2009, the court ordered that the authority to impose the death penalty should be carried out by the juries, not the judges. In January this year, the court refused to review the constitutionality of sentencing juvenile offenders to death. As of the moment, there are 80 or more juvenile offenders sentenced to capital punishment, including one who was allowed to represent himself in court while he was only 16 years old.
Gender Bias Of The Capital Punishment
The gender bias of the capital punishment, as well as it’s racial and class bias, is considered as the savior of the lives of women. The problem lies in the reason for saving their lives. Prosecution regard women as docile, less threatening but unstable when it comes to emotions. A woman killing or maiming a person is seen as results of loyalty or blind love for a man. This supports the notion about the weakness of a woman and how they are in need of guidance, protection and control from a man.
This denies them of any moral or social responsibility over the control of their actions, making it easier to marginalize women. This double-standard on gender has raised protests from condemned men, anti-death penalty groups and feminists with an argument that, “that gender, just as race and wealth, should play no role in determining who lives and who dies in the nation’s death chambers”. However, this argument means nothing if it will be compared to racial bias as a reason to remove the death penalty.
Gender Bias Promotes Stereotype
Even if more women will be given the capital punishment and executed as fast as their gender counterpart, it will not make this form of punishment as fair or less barbaric. While gender bias promotes a stereotype of a female being the victim and male always becomes the protector, it still encourages hope that prosecution, judges and juries will put fairness in the law and human compassion before the desire to kill legally. That should be the case, whether the accused sentenced to die is a man or a woman, a child or an adult, regardless of color or race.
References:
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/23/AR2010092306866.html
http://wings.buffalo.edu/law/bclc/bclrarticles/4%282%29/crockerpdf.pdf
21st Century Oktoberfest
The drinking of alcoholic substances has persisted for millenniums as a generic human social practice. In almost every culture in the world the consumption of libations as they are often called, is extensive. Nevertheless, what inherent social value does the drinking of alcohol possess if done in groups or in a community setting? The most notable nature of this practice is that its stemmed from community rituals of the past, such as religious rites. In fact, in almost every culture a deity has been assigned or attributed to the drinking of wine. However, more importantly it is an established social practice that is a significant part of the cultural heritage of a particular society or country.
Drinking And The Sense Of Community
Even before the Romans occupied Germany, the ancestors of the German people have long consumed alcoholic substances in social events and communal activities. Regardless of the functionality of this practice, its value was that is served in part as a vessel as well as a manifestation of culture. Cultural preservation was undertaken indirectly through these rites. Setting aside the intangible value of these communal drinking activities it also serves another important role in the development of the society.
It is an avenue and mode of socialization. It facilitates the forming of community bonds and helps in strengthening existing ones. It constantly reinforces the idea and sense of belonging to the individual or the community. This in turn develops the society in a way wherein it is established as a unified and identified whole. On the psycho – social level develops community consciousness, which would later be expressed in the creation of a nation and eventually a state. This socio – cultural dynamic of communal drinking is what gives it an added tangible value.
Western Decadence
Detractors and opponents of the Oktoberfest in Germany, which is a national event wherein there is extensive communal drinking, would argue using the circumstances of this year’s event. In this year’s Oktoberfest, it set a new record for the amount of alcohol consumed as well as the most with irregular incidents. The number of cases of lost items has increased due to the drinking that ensued aside from the usual commotions that accompany communal drinking festivals like this.
However, the main contention of those who are against these kinds of activities is that it highlights and emphasizes decadence, particularly western decadence. This means that the prosperity of these countries has eroded extensively values and morals to the level where they no longer matter anymore. In contrast, this discounts the fact that countries like Germany, although has activities like this is perhaps one of the most values – oriented nations of Earth.
National Heritage
The Oktoberfest is part of Germany’s national identity. Communal activities that are rich in history and date as far back as ancient times require constant practice as a means to preserve it. This activity has been in existence since before the birth of the modern German state. This makes this important along with other cultural treasures of Germany. In fact, Germany is known for this annual event. It cannot be assessed as a matter of moral values since culture and all manifestations of it transcend this.
References:
http://abcnews.go.com/Travel/oktoberfest-sets-beer-consumption-record/story?id=11802715
http://www.oktoberfestpubcrawl.com/oktoberfest/Oktoberfest-Survival-Guide.pdf









